Previous lesion studies have associated VSTM impairments with damage to several different brain regions. Such information is essential for predicting which patients will recover from early VSTM impairments and which patients may need sustained therapeutic intervention. The goal of our study was to investigate which lesion sites do, and do not, cause persistent VSTM impairments. 3–6 Importantly, preliminary work suggests that VSTM impairments are amenable to treatment 7 which may also facilitate language comprehension. Many studies suggest that a deficient VSTM can lead to difficulties with language comprehension. It affects the ability to immediately recall long sequences of auditory verbal material such as lists of words or digit strings. 1, 2 Impaired VSTM is common in patients with aphasia. It requires minimal attentional and other executive resources. It is limited in its capacity and in the time it can hold information. Verbal short-term memory (VSTM) is the passive storage of verbal information. These findings have clinical implications for predicting recovery of verbal short-term memory after stroke.Īphasia, lesion analysis, verbal short-term memory Introduction Sparing of these regions very rarely results in persistently poor verbal short-term memory. These data suggest that verbal short-term memory impairments are most consistently associated with damage to left temporo-parietal and basal ganglia structures. However, when the same regions were spared, only 5% (23/455) presented with digit span impairments. Even complete damage to one or more of these five regions was not consistently associated with persistent digit span impairment. Almost all (199/222 = 90%) had left hemisphere damage to five small regions in basal ganglia and/or temporo-parietal areas. Digit span impairments were observed in 222/816 patients. Third, we examined how often these lesion sites were observed in patients who either had no digit span impairments or digit span impairments that co-occurred with difficulties in speech perception and/or production tasks. Second, we studied the lesion sites in a subgroup of these patients ( n = 39) with left hemisphere damage and selective digit span impairment-defined as impaired digit span with unimpaired spoken picture naming and spoken word comprehension (tests of speech production and speech perception, respectively). First, we identified the incidence of digit span impairments in a sample of 816 stroke survivors (541 males/275 females age at stroke onset 56 ± 13 years time post-stroke 4.4 ± 5.2 years). Here we asked: How many different lesion sites can account for selective impairments in verbal short-term memory that persist over time, and how consistently do these lesion sites impair verbal short-term memory? We assessed verbal short-term memory impairments using a forward digit span task from the Comprehensive Aphasia Test. If this is accepted, it follows that males have an advantage in g and that the higher average means obtained by men in IQ tests like the WAIS and the Progressive Matrices is attributable to their advantage in g.Prior studies have reported inconsistency in the lesion sites associated with verbal short-term memory impairments. The results are further interpreted in terms of Kyllonen's theory that working memory capacity is g. If this is accepted, the results indicate that there is virtually no sex difference in immediate memory capacity (measured by digit span) but a small male advantage among children and a substantial male advantage among adults in working memory capacity (measured by mental arithmetic). It is proposed that the reason for this is that mental arithmetic is a measure of working memory capacity while digit span is a measure of immediate memory capacity. These results show that the sex differences on mental arithmetic are not consistent with the sex differences on digit span. 134 d (4) the digit span subtest of the Wechsler intelligence tests for adults (the WAIS tests) showing a male advantage of. 47 d (3) the digit span subtest of the Wechsler intelligence tests for children and adolescents (the WISC and WPPSI tests), showing that girls obtained a mean advantage of. 11 d (2) the (mental) arithmetic subtest of the Wechsler intelligence tests for adults (the WAIS tests) showing a mean male advantage of. Meta-analyses are presented of sex differences in (1) the (mental) arithmetic subtest of the Wechsler intelligence tests for children and adolescents (the WISC and WPPSI tests), showing that boys obtained a mean advantage of.
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